Topic: Timeline
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Foundation and early development of Fez
Early Idrisid development shaped Fez as a durable Maghrebi political, urban, and scholarly center.
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Battle of Covadonga
Later Christian tradition treated this northern battle as a symbolic beginning point.
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Battle of Tours/Poitiers
Frankish and Umayyad forces met north of the Pyrenees in a battle later given large symbolic meaning.
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Treaty of Tudmir
A treaty tradition associated with negotiated submission in southeastern Iberia after the first conquest campaigns.
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Forced conversion decree in Castile
Castilian policy ended tolerated Muslim religious status in the Crown of Castile.
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Expulsion of the Moriscos
The Spanish monarchy expelled Morisco communities in a staggered regional process from 1609 to 1614, creating major social disruption and long Mediterranean afterlives.



